Mechanisms into the development of fatty liver disease: role of free fatty acids and alcohol

Background: Alcohol and Free fatty acids such as palmitate are known to promote liver injury. However less mechanistic information is available regarding omega fatty acids ratios with/out alcohol. In healthy populations omega 6/3 ratios are between 1:1 to 4:1, whereas high ratios (>15:1) are thought to correlate with the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease. This study aimed to investigate liver lipotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction due to imbalanced omega 6/3 ratios alone or in the presence of alcohol. Method: Human hepatoma cell line, VL-17A cells were treated with individual fatty acids (Palmitic (PA), Stearic (SA), Linoleic (LA), alpha-Linolenic (ALA), Arachidonic (AA) and Docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids) with various concentrations ranging between 0.5 μM to 300 μM and omega 6/3 ratios (1:1, 4:1, 15:1 and 25:1) with/out alcohol (100 mM) for 24, 48 and 72 h after which lipid accumulation and cell toxicity was assessed. Subsequent studies at 24 hr examined oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and lipogenic proteins. Results: PA treatment showed a detrimental effect on cell viability and lipid accumulation than SA after 48 h and 72 h (P0.05), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) did not show any change. AA/DHA ratios also showed a significant decrease in ATP production (P<0.01), basal respiration, maximal respiration and spare mitochondrial capacity and this effect was greater with high ratios (P<0.001). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production increased significantly, particularly with high AA/DHA ratios (15:1 and 25:1) (P<0.001) alone and in the presence of alcohol (P<0.01). Conclusion: The data suggests that lipid accumulation and toxicity occur with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and high omega 6/3 ratios. The latter possibly due to the pro-inflammatory products of AA. This study confirms that high AA/DHA ratios with/out alcohol increase ROS production and high AA/DHA alone induce mitochondrial dysfunction and increase lipogenesis pathways by activating lipogenic factors causing steatosis and consequently promoting the development of fatty liver disease. Further work aims to elucidate the effect of fatty acid/alcohol on lipid synthetic and endocannabinoid pathways, which will further our understanding of fatty liver disease development

First derivative prediction of raw broiler shear force using visible short wave near infrared spectroscopy

A non-destructive,fast, reliable and low cost technique which is Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is required to replace conventional destructive texture analyser in shear force measurement. The combination of visible and shortwave near infrared (VIS-SWNIR) spectrometer and principal component regression (PCR) to assess the quality attribute of raw broiler meat texture (shear force value (kg)) was investigated. Wavelength region of visible and shortwave 662-1005 nm was selected for prediction after pre-processing. Absorbance spectra was pre-processed using the optimal Savitzky-Golay smoothing mode with 1st order derivative, 2nd degree polynomial and 31 filter points to remove the baseline shift effect. Potential outliers were identified through externally studentised residual approach. The PCR model were trained with 90 samples in calibration and validated with 44 samples in prediction datasets. From the PCR analysis, correlation coefficient of calibration (RC), the root mean square calibration (RMSEC), correlation coefficient of prediction (RP) and the root mean square prediction (RMSEP) of visible and shortwave (662-1005 nm) with 4 principal components were 0.4645,0.0898, 0.4231 and 0.0945. The predicted results can be improved by applying the 2nd order derivative and the non-linear model

Measurement of brix level of Malaysian local oranges at resonance frequency

The production of citrus in worldwide has increased over the years. This is due to demandfrom consumer as well as positive progress in agriculture-related industry. Malaysia alsoproduces a lot of citrus but at the same time statistics shows that the number of citrus beingimported from other countries is also high. In order to maintain the quality of citrusproduction, a non-destructive method by using monopole antenna is used in this study. Thereflection coefficient is measured at range operating frequency of 8MHz to 5 GHz. Therelationship between dielectric constant and S11 is determined. The other variables arecompared during S11 at resonance.S11 of oranges is the highest at 2.6 GHz with a value of -42.84 dB.Keywords: citrus; monopole antenna; reflection coefficien

Analisa Tingkat Keamanan Ikan Manyung (Arius Thalassinus) Asap Yang Diolah Dengan Metode Pengasapan Berbeda

Pengasapan adalah salah satu cara untuk mengawetkan ikan. Metode yang digunakan dalam proses pengasapan merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang mempengaruhi kualitas ikan asap. Kenampakan dan rasa yang spesifik pada ikan asap dipengaruhi oleh kandungan fenol pada produk yang diasap. Akan tetapi, kandungan fenol yang terlalu tinggi akan cenderung menghasilkan Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) yang bersifat karsinogenik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kualitas ikan asap yang diolah dengan metode yang berbeda yaitu dengan smoking cabinet dan asap cair. Materi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah ikan Manyung (Arius thalassinus), serabut kelapa dan asap cair dari tempurung kelapa sebagai bahan baku asap. Parameter yang di uji adalah organoleptik, kadar air, kadar fenol dan kadar PAH. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental lapangan. Analisa data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji independent sampel t-test untuk membedakan dua macam perlakuan. Hasil uji organoleptik ikan manyung asap metode Smoking cabinet dan asap cair dengan selang kepercayaan 95% adalah 7,55 ≤ m ≤ 7,99 dan 8,38 ≤ m ≤ 8,44, (P&gt;0,05). Kadar air berturut-turut 70,60% ± 0,141 dan 36,71% ± 0,296 (P&lt;0,05). Kandungan fenol berturut-turut 0,0225 % (225 ppm) dan 0,0214 % (214 ppm) (P&lt;0,05). Hasil uji PAH sebagai indikator karsinogenik yaitu benzo(a)pyrene diperoleh nilai 0,0078 ppm (smoking cabinet) dan 0,0041 ppm (asap cair). Tingkat keamanan dan kualitas ikan asap dapat dilihat dari hasil uji organoleptic, kadar fenol dan kadar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH). Kadar air ikan manyung asap metode asap cair sudah memenuhi standar SNI (60%) tetapi untuk metode Smoking cabinet masih melebihi 60%. Asap cair sebagai metode pengasapan dinilai lebih aman dibandingkan metode smoking cabinet karena kadar benzo(a)pyrene pada metode smoking cabinet masih melebihi batas yang ditetapkan SNI (0,005 ppm). Smoking is one way to preserve a fish. Method used for smoking process is one important factor that can affect the quality of smoked fish. Appearance and specific flavor of smoked fish are influenced by the phenol content of the product. If the phenol content is too high, it will produce Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds which are could be carcinogenic. This research was aimed to compare the quality of smoked fish treated with different methods, the smoking cabinet method and liquid smoking method. The material used in this study are giant catfish (Arius thalassinus), coconut fiber and coconut shell liquid smoke from the smoke as raw materials. Parameters were in the organoleptic test, moisture content, phenol content and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. The research method used was experimental field. Analysis of the data used in this study is a test of independent samples t-test to distinguish two kinds of treatment. Results of organoleptic test of smoked giantfish resulted from Smoking cabinet and Liquid smoking methods have average interval 7.55 ≤ m ≤ 7.99 and 8.38 ≤ m ≤ 8.44 , (P&gt;0.05). Water content respectively 70.60% ± 0.141 dan 36.71% ± 0.296 (P&lt;0.05). Phenol content of 0.0225 % (225 ppm) and 0.0214 % (214 ppm) (P &lt;0.05). The PAH's test results as indicators of carcinogenic is benzo(a) pyrene obtained values of 0.0078 ppm (smoking cabinet) and 0.0041 ppm (liquid smoke). Safety dan quality smoked fish can be seen from the results of organoleptic test, phenol contents levels and benzo(a)pyrene contents. Water content of Liquid smoked Giant Catfish meets Indonesian National Standard (60%). But Smoking cabinet method is more than 60%. For safety level, liquid smoke method is more safe than Smoking cabinet method, because the value of benzo(a)pyrene from smoking cabinet method is more than a Indonesian National Standard (0.005 ppm)

Dynamic ridge polynomial neural network with Lyapunov function for time series forecasting

The ability to model the behaviour of arbitrary dynamic system is one of the most useful properties of recurrent networks. Dynamic ridge polynomial neural network (DRPNN) is a recurrent neural network used for time series forecasting. Despite the potential and capability of the DRPNN, stability problems could occur in the DRPNN due to the existence of the recurrent feedback. Therefore, in this study, a su cient condition based on an approach that uses adaptive learning rate is developed by introducing a Lyapunov function. To compare the performance of the proposed solution with the existing solution, which is derived based on the stability theorem for a feedback network, we used six time series, namely Darwin sea level pressure, monthly smoothed sunspot numbers, Lorenz, Santa Fe laser, daily Euro/Dollar exchange rate and Mackey-Glass time-delay di erential equation. Simulation results proved the stability of the proposed solution and showed an average 21.45% improvement in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) with respect to the existing solution. Furthermore, the proposed solution is faster than the existing solution. This is due to the fact that the proposed solution solves network size restriction found in the existing solution and takes advantage of the calculated dynamic system variable to check the stability, unlike the existing solution that needs more calculation steps

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) applications in medical: non-invasive and invasive leukemia screening

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been applied as analytical tool in numerous field of study due to its ability in non-invasive application. NIRS with the ability in providing the information on biological molecules shows a high potential as a diagnosis tool in medical as diseased related to biochemistry changes of the cell and tissue. This paper reviewed the application of NIR spectroscopy in leukemia screening and in other medical application. General comparison between invasive and non-invasive NIR spectroscopy method is provided. The author also proposed a new non-invasive NIRS method in leukemia screening and compared it with the previous invasive NIRS method